• Maggots feed on the pulp of the fruits
• Oozing of resinous fluid from fruits
• Distorted and malformed fruits
• Premature dropping of fruits and also unfit for consumption

• Bactrocera cucurbitae

  • Eggs laid singly in clusters on fruits
  • Larva- Dirty white apodous maggot
  • Pupa – pupate in soil
  • Adult- hyaline wings with brown and grey spots at the apex.

B.ciliatus
Adult

• Ferruginous brown body.
• Smaller than - Bactrocera cucurbitae

• Collect infested and fallen fruits and bum in deep pits.
• In endemic areas, change the sowing dates as the fly population is low in hot dry conditions and at its peak during rainy season.
• Expose the pupae by ploughing and turning over soil after harvest.
• Use ribbed gourd as trap crop and apply carbaryl 0.15% or malathion 0.1% on congregating adult flies on the undersurface of leaves.
• Use attractants like citronella oil, eucalyptus oil, vinegar (acetic acid), and lactic acid to trap flies.
• Use poison baiting in severe infestation
• Mix methyl eugenol + malathion 50 EC at 1:1 ratio and keep 10 ml of the bait in polythene bags @ 25/ha.
• Use fly trap
• Keep 5 g of wet fishmeal in polythene bags (20 x 15cm) with six holes (3 mm dia)
• Add 0.1 ml of dichlorvos.
• Dichlorvos should be added every week and fishmeal renewed once in 20 days @ 5traps/ha.

• Grubs feeds on the roots, stem and fruits touching the soil
• Adult feeds on leaf and flowers.

• Freshly hatched dirty white.
• Full grown grub creamy yellow in colour

Adult

• Aulacophora foveicollis-  red in colour
• cincta- grey in colour having glistening yellow red border
• Intermedia- blue in colour

• Plough the fields just after harvesting destroy the hibernating adults
• Collect and destroy adult beetles
• Spray malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml or dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml or methyl demeton 25 EC@ 500 ml/ ha

• Larva bores into  the stem of snake gourd and produces galls

• Larva: - White in colour
• Pupa: -Pupation takes place in earthen cocoon in the soil
• Adult:  Dark brown moth with transparent wings

• Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts with larvae
• Encourage activity of parasitoid: Apanteles spp.
• Spray any following insecticides
  • malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml
  • dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml
  • methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ ha

• Maggots bore into the distal shoot and form galls

• Adult:  slender dark brown mosquito like fly

• Spray any following insecticides
  • malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml
  • dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml
  • methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ ha

• The caterpillar cuts the edges  of  leaf lamina, folds it over the  leaf and feeds from within leaf roll

• Egg - White spherical eggs laid singly on tender leaves
• Larva - Green in colour with longitudinal white stripe, humped last abdominal segments
• Pupae - Pupation takes place inside the leaf fold
• Adult - Brown moth with shiny brown forewings

• Collect and destroy the caterpillars
• Encourage activity of Apanteles taragamae, A. plusiae
•  Spray any following insecticides
  • malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml
  • dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml
  • methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ ha

• Young larva scrapes the cholorophyll content
• Later on it folds and webs the leaves and feeds within.
• It also feeds on flowers and bores into developing fruits

• Egg - Eggs lay singly or in groups on lower surface of leaves.
• Larva - Bright green with a pair of white mid dorsal lines
• Pupa - Pupation takes place inside a cocoon among the leaves

• Whitish wings with broad and dark marginal patches.
• Female with tuft of orange coloured hairs at anal end

• Collect and destroy early stage caterpillars
• Encourage activity of parasioid: Apanteles spp.
• Spray any following insecticides
  • malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml
  • dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml
  • methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ ha

• Larva feeds on leaves making small holes

• Egg Eggs are laid singly on buds and leaves
• Larva:  Small, cylindrical and yellowish green with short spines all over body
• Pupa:  Greenish – brown pupa
• Adult: Slender moth with lobed wings, fringed with scales

• Collect and destroy larvae and pupae
• Spray any following insecticides
  • malathion 50 EC @ 500 ml
  • dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml
  • methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml/ ha

• Leaves with serpentine mines.
• Drying and dropping of leaves due to severe infestation.

• Larva: Minute orange yellowish apodous maggots.
• Pupa: Pupates within mines.
• Adult: Pale yellow in colour

• Collect and destroy mined leaves 
• Spray NSKE 3%