• Drying and dropping of leaves

• Larva - minute, orange yellowish in colour and apodous
• Adult - pale yellow colour fly

Management

• Damage to complete defoliation.
• leave bare stems & veins

• Larva- semilooper with varying shades of colour with black head.
• Abdomen – has a red spot on the third abdominal segment and red tubercules in the anal region
• Adult - pale reddish brown moth with hind wing having white spot in the middle and three large white spots on the outer margin

• Larva- semilooper, olive grey colour  with numerous longitudinal lines

• Fore wing - white in colour with suffused band beyond it.
• Hind wing: - has white median band, the outer margin grey at centre.

• Cause – defoliation

Larva

• Head –brown in colour. Prothorax with a pair of long pencils of hairs pointing forward
• Abdomen – laterally - first two segments have tufts of yellowish hair.
• Long brown hairs from the 8th segment onwards

Adult

A) Identification of the pest - Euproctis fraterna

B) Identification of the pest - Porthesia scintillans 

Symptoms of damage

Identification of the pest

• Larvae- hairy caterpillar reddish brown with black band on either end having long reddish brown hairs all over the body.
• Adult: - moth with white wings

• Collection and destruction of egg masses and hand picking of larvae
• The barnyard millet (Echinochloea frumentacea.) may act as strong barrier
• Summer ploughing and poison baiting.
• Erection of light traps soon after the monsoon for 20-45 days and collecting and killing of adult moths are found to be very effective.
• The dispersing larvae of hairy caterpillar from one field to another can be checked by digging trenches across the direction of their march, and prompt destruction of larvae.
• Vegetative traps utilizing Jatropha (wild castor) or Ipomea prevent the migration of the grown up larvae.
• Prepare small balls with10 kg rice bran + 1 kg jaggery +1 liter quinolphos broad-cost in the fields preferably in the evening times.
• Dusting of carbaryl or quinolphos @ 25-30 kg/ha would be effective in the control of young larvae.
• Use of 200 ml dichlorovos 100 EC dissolved in 400 litres of water/ha may be used to control grown up caterpillars. or
• Spray QuinalPhos or dimethoate 2ml /lit of water.

• The early instar larvae feed gregariously on the under surface of the leaf leading to skeletonization of the leaves.
• Sometimes the feeding is so heavy that only petioles and branches are left behind.
• In case of severe attack cause complete defoliation.

• Egg - Egg masses appear golden brown
• Larva  - Pale greenish with dark markings. Gregarious in the early stages
• Adult - Forewings – brown colour with wavy white markings. Hind wings- white colour with a brown patch along the margin

• Collect and destroy the egg masses and caterpillars in the early stages of infestation.
• Plough the field so as to expose the pupae to predators and parasitoids
• Monitoring the pest with pheromone traps (4-5/acre) helps in timely treatment.
• To control early stage larvae, spray neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) 5% or chlorpyriphos 2.5ml or quinolphos 2ml or neem oil 5ml per litre of water.
• As the grown up larvae move down to soil to hide during day time, poison bait (1 litre of 1kg carbaryl + 10kg of rice bran + 1 kg jaggery + 1 litre of water to make the bait in to pellets for one hectare) placement at base of the plants helps in killing the larvae.

• Young larvae feed gregariously mostly on the under surface of the leaves.
• A caterpillar of later stages defoliates the field completely.

• Eggs -are laid in clusters of 50-100, on the lower side of leaves.
• Larvae - orange coloured with broad transverse band with tufts of yellow hairs that are dark at both ends
• Pupa- forms a thin silken cocoon by interwoven shed hairs of the larvae.
• Adult - crimson coloured moth with black dots and a red abdomen. Wings – pinkish with numerous black spots

• Collection and destruction of eggs and early stage larvae
• Spray NSKE 5% to kill early stage larvae.
• If grownup larvae are seen, spray quinalphos, chlorpyriphos @ 2ml/litre of water

Symptoms of damage

• Capsule with bore holes.
• Damaged capsules webbed together
• Peduncle and capsules showing galleries made of silk and frass.

• Larva: - pale greenish with pinkish tinge and fine hairs with dark head and prothoracic shield
• Adult – yellowish with black spot

• Leaf margins become yellow
• Curling of leaf edges and leaves turn red or brown.
• Leaves dry up and shed.

• Nymph: green coloured
• Adult: green wedge shaped insect

• Water soaked spots on the leaves which become yellow and dry up
• Leaves appear sickly and get coated with sooty mould.
• Stunted plant growth, shedding of fruiting bodies

• Nymph  : yellowish

• Whiteflies can be effectively attracted and controlled by yellow sticky traps, which are coated with grease/sticky oily materials.
• Spray triazophos (2.5 ml/l) or acephate (2 ml/l).
• Spraying of any neem product (NO 3% or NSKE 5% ) with any sticky material.
• Use of synthetic pyrethroids increases the intensity of whitefly.

• Terminal leaves silvered
• The injury results in development of dull yellowish-green patches on the upper leaf surface and brown necrotic areas of the lower surface.
• Under heavy infestation the leaves curl and plants get stunted.

• Insecticides such as dimethoate, methyl-o-demeton at the rate of 2.0 ml per litre of water give control of thrips effectively.
• neem oil (1 lit) + soap powder (1 kg) in 200lit of water can be sprayed twice at 10days interval