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          Crop Protection :: Pests of Black and Green Gram         
          
            
            
              | Spiny pod borer: Etiella zinckenella |  
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                    | Symptoms of damage  
 
                        	The larva feeds on the growing tips, blossom and developing pods and in advanced stage webs 2 to 4 pods together. The damaged parts will drop down due to feeding.	Seeds are either partially or entirely eaten, and considerable granular frass and silk are present.	Externally the pods show small surface punctures.	One or two larvae in each pod.
 Identification of the pest 
                        Eggs:  – 	Egg laying preferably at the junction of the calyx and pod or on the pod surface or along the midrib of the leave.	47 - 178 eggs singly (or) in groups 	Egg period 4 – 21 days.
 Larva: 	Dirty greenish to reddish 	Body length 15 – 22mm and larval period is 19-40 days.
 Pupa: 	It pupates 1 -5 cm below ground or in plant debris. 
 Moth: 
                        Economic threshold level - 10% pod damage	Forewing is yellow- or brown-grayish and hindwings are light gray, with dark venation 	Top of abdomen is with a tuft of golden-yellow hairs. |  
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                    | Management 
                        	Conserve natural enemies viz., Bracon etiellae, B. pectoralis, Phanerotoma planifronsAs in Gram pod borer
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